非谓语动词（三）——过去分词
I. 概述：表被动、无名词性
上回已解剖现在分词，其要旨在于表示主动的动作，而既有主动，自有被动。与之相对的被动动作，就由过去分词来表达。两者的基本区别略述如下。
-ed分词与-ing分词同属非谓语动词的家庭。它们这种亲缘关系表现在：
1）它们都不能独立地充当谓语；
2）它们都可在句子其它位置充当多种成分，如定语、状语、补语；
3）它们的成员中都有变节为形容词、介词、从属连词者。
但它们既然为不同的非谓语动词，当然有着各自的特点。其基本区别在于：
1）-ed分词主要表示被动关系，而-ing分词表主动；
2）-ed分词无名词性，故不能涉足主语宾语这些位置，而-ing分词则可以；
3）-ed分词形式单一，只有一种形式，-ing分词则有几种变体。
II．无名词性：永不做主语宾语
1．作主语，不合格
要点一：非谓语动词不讲时态，只讲语态。
(非谓语动词表示不出“时”，只表示主动或被动。Fail与he是主动关系，故用-ing分词。)
例：
Nixon lied. It finally led to his resignation.
*(His) Lied finally led to Nixon’s resignation.
当动词不作谓语也就是用非谓语动词时，就不再管时态——时态是谓语动词的事；要判断的是主被动的问题。Lie与 Nixon是主动关系，所以用-ing分词。
Lying finally led to Nixon’s resignation.或 Nixon’s lying finally led to his resignation.
考点
要点二：在主语位置，用-ing分词的被动式表被动的动作。
I am forced to struggle desperately with English. That is a tragedy.
*Forced to struggle with English is a tragedy.
“-ing分词表主动，-ed分词表被动”有一个前提：-ed分词无名词性，不能作主宾语，所以有一个“凡是”：凡是相当于名词的时候，都由-ing分词来担当。如果被动，则用-ing分词的被动式)
Being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy. (或My being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy.)
I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time.
He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差一点就被车轧着了。
Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (9506 CET-4)
a. having been fined b. to be fined c. to have been fined d. being fined
2．作宾语，不合格
Grammar was misunderstood. She felt disappointed at that.
*Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstood.
*Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstanding.
Grammar felt disappointed at being misunderstood.
English was taken seriously. She resented that.
English resented being taken seriously.
考点
如前已述，非谓语动词不是按时态来进行选择。但有时-ing分词也可表示出一定的时间概念，如发生在前。但表示法不是用过去“时”，而是用完成“体”。注意：-ing分词的完成体此时主要用以强调动作“是否发生过”这一方面。
He denied having taken it. 他否认拿了它。
She regrets/repents having said it. 她后悔说了这话。
She admitted having read the letter. 她承认看过这封信。
I could not recall having heard anyone say that before. 我不记得以前听过谁说这样的话。
The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. (9706 CET-4)
a. have told b. be told c. being told d. having told
(注意此题中，confess to具有一定的迷惑性，其实它如look forward to一样，相当于一个及物动词， “to”非不定式符号。)
再复杂一点，把完成体再跟被动搅和在一起，形成-ing分词的完成被动式，表示发生在前面的被动动作。表面看似庞然大物的东西，自然也受出题者青睐。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
He pride himself on having never been beaten in chess. 他为自己下棋从未被击败而自豪。
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as _____ in a short period of time.
a. being treated b. to have been created c. having been created d. to be created
III．表示被动：与某个主体形成被动关系
过去分词表示被动。跟现在分词一样，也得找到相应的主体，即跟谁形成被动关系。根据其所做的成分不同，主体也有相应变化。
1．过去分词作定语：与被修饰的名词形成被动关系
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.（动词organize与被修饰的名词trip形成被动关系，即trip is organized, 也可以说是动宾关系即organize a trip, 故用过去分词）。 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.（elect those, or those are elected） 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：自然与主语形成被动关系。
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：与宾语形成被动关系
I heard the song sung several times last week. （song is sung, or sing the song）
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：与句子主语形成被动关系
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. （he is praised, or praise him）
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. (it is seen, or see it)
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.(I am given, or give me)
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.(he is told, or tell him)
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。(he is filled, or fill him)
一条小支流：不及物动词过去分词表完成
因为过去分词核心的意义是表示被动关系。由上我们也可看出，被动意义的形成以动词是及物动词为前提。故一般来说过去分词都是及物动词，或者不及物动词加介词构成的相当于及物动词的短语。
但凡规则都有例外，有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的。
时，过去分词形式表示的不是被动，而是完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
过去分词特殊结构：按特定的方式理解
1．连词 过去分词
-ed分词也有带有连词的情形。这时候逻辑关系自然就非常清楚了，不用多费心思。
If accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.
如果你被接受担任这个职务，将在一礼拜内通知你。
Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers.
除非作某些变动，否则这条法律将使农民的生活发生困难。
I went on talking, thought continually interrupted by Dussel.
我继续往下谈，尽管不断被杜塞尔打断。
He started, as if awakened from some dream.
他猛然一惊，仿佛从梦中惊醒。
Once informed, I’ll take actions.
一旦得到通知，我就会采取行动。
The couple took good care of the baby while occupied by their work.
这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾着婴儿。
2．过去分词独立结构
This done, we went home.
相当于：When this was done, we went home.
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.
相当于：Since all our savings were gone, we started looking for jobs.
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.
相当于：She gazed, and her hands were clasped to her breast.
It rained and rained, vehicles bogged down and bridges washed out.
相当于：It rained and rained, and vehicles were bogged down and bridges were washed out.
All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98-06 CET-4)
a. considered b. be considered c. considering d. having considered
相当于：If all things are considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
3．-ed分词同样适用于“介宾补”结构。
With my homework finished, I went out for a walk.
Ice, of relative density 0.9, floats in water, with nine-tenth submerged.
冰的比重为0.9，它浮在水面上时，9/10淹没在水里。
过去分词的变异：形式上的过去分词已完全叛变为其它词
1．-ed形容词
-ed分词为形容词时，也表现为单独作定语或表语。理解的思路亦复与-ing分词相同：不再是表示动作，而是描述性状；意义与相关的动词有紧密联系。
-ing分词中已讲到，表情感的及物动词变来的形容词，常表示“（某事物）给人某种感觉或影响”这样一种性质：
与之相对应，-ed形容词表示被动的含义，通常指（某人）受到事物的影响而具有的某种感觉：
-ing形容词 -ed形容词
alarming: 让人担忧的，惊心的 alarmed: 担心的
charming: 迷人的 charmed: 着迷的
amusing: 有趣的到 amused: 愉快的
astonishing/surprising astonished/surprised
/astounding/shocking: /astounded/shocked: 吃惊的
encouraging: 令人鼓舞的 encouraged: 受到鼓舞的
confusing: 令人糊涂的 confused: 糊涂的
refreshing: 令人振奋的 refreshed: 振奋的
striking: 显著的，惊人的 stricken: 遭殃的，患病的等
而不及物动词相关的形容词，在-ing分词形容词表示动作或状态的持续性，而-ed分词形容词则表示动作完成后所处的状态。
Fallen leaves 落叶 a retired army officer 退休军官 an escaped prisoner逃犯
比较：falling leaves
2．-ed介词
-ed介词已经从动词叛变，同样可从两个方面来看：一是它的意义虽与动词相关，但已有所变化；二是它没有什么逻辑主语。最常用的一个是given。表示“考虑到已有的某种事物”或假设“如果有某种事物”，在此基础上可作出一个推断。
Given the government’s record on unemployment, their chances of winning the election look poor.
鉴于政府在解决失业问题上成绩不佳，他们在选举中获胜的机会似乎不大。
Given her interest in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
考虑到她喜欢孩子，我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。
Given contrasting circumstances, identical twin would develop quite different personalities.
如果环境迥异，同卵的双胞胎也可能形成大相径庭的性格特点。
3．-ed连词
数量少。常用的有provided。另，given that也相当于从属连词。Provided也可用provided that或providing, providing that进行替换。这种可-ing分词也可-ed分词的局面说明它们与动词已有了相当的距离了，因为动词的主被动关系是径渭分明的；另一方面，可以跟 “that”也说明它作起介词来，毕竟不如正宗的介词那么理直气壮。
I will agree to go provided (that) my expenses are paid.假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。
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